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Renal Medicine

Anatomy and Physiology
Renal Anatomy Renal Cross-sectional Anatomy Renal Vascular Anatomy Nephron Anatomy	Renal Histology Glomerular Histology Nephron Histology Urinary Tract Histology

Fluid Balance
Osmolarity Body Fluid Compartments Body Fluid Shifts

Renal Physiology
Urine Formation - Mechanisms Urine Formation - General Mechanistic Principles Glomerular Filtration Glomerular Filtration Rate Renal Blood Flow Proximal Tubule Transport Thin Loop of Henle Transport Thick Ascending Loop of Henle Transport Early Distal Tubule Transport Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Transport Peritubular Capillary Transport	Urine Formation - Regulation Regulation of GFR and RBF Neuroendocrine Regulation of GFR and RBF Autoregulation of GFR and RBF Tubuloglomerular Feedback Glomerulotubular Balance Regulation of Urine Osmolarity Corticopapillary Osmotic Gradient Countercurrent Mechanism *Urea Recycling Regulation of Sodium Excretion Potassium Balance Internal Potassium Balance External Potassium Balance Regulation of Phosphate Excretion Regulation of Calcium Excretion	ECF Volume and Osmolarity Regulation ECF Osmoregulation Regulation of Urine Osmolarity Corticopapillary Osmotic Gradient Countercurrent Mechanism Urea Recycling ECF Volume Regulation Pressure Natriuresis Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron System Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Physiology SNS - Renal Effects ECF Volume and Osmolarity in Contexts of Low Effective Circulating Volume

Acid-Base Physiology
pH Basics Buffer Basics Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation Physiological Acid Production Overview of pH Regulation Physiological Buffers Phosphate Buffer Bicarbonate Buffer	Respiratory Acid-Base Control Renal Acid-Base Control Renal Acid Excretion Renal Bicarbonate Excretion Renal Response to Acid-Base Imbalance

Renal and Urinary Tract Pathology
Glomerular Pathology Basic Glomerular Histopathology Basic Glomerular Pathogenesis Compensatory Glomerulopathy Nephrotic Syndrome Minimal Change Disease Membranous Glomerulonephritis Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Renal Amyloidosis Nephritic Syndrome Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis IgA Nephropathy Goodpasture Syndrome Pauci-immune Glomerulonephritis Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis Alport Syndrome Lupus Nephritis	Renal Tubulointerstitial Pathology Acute Tubular Necrosis Acute Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis Analgesic Nephropathy Necrotizing Papillitis Diffuse Cortical Necrosis Nephrocalcinosis Renal and Urinary Tract Infections Urinary Tract Infection Acute Pyelonephritis Chronic Pyelonephritis Renal Vascular Pathology Hypertensive Nephropathy Renal Cystic Pathology Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Medullary Sponge Kidney Acquired Cystic Disease Simple Renal Cyst	Congenital Renal Pathology Renal Agenesis Renal Ectopia Horseshoe Kidney Renal Tubular Acidosis Cystinuria Hartnup Disease Renal and Urinary Tract Stones Urinary Tract Obstruction Hydronephrosis Renal and Urinary Tract Tumors Angiomyolipoma Renal Papillary Adenoma Renal Cell Carcinoma Wilms Tumor Urothelial Cell Carcinoma Syndromes Acute Renal Failure Prerenal Intrinsic Postrenal Chronic Renal Failure Uremia

Acid-Base Pathology
Respiratory Acidosis Metabolic Acidosis	Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Alkalosis

Renal Pharmacology
Diuretics Thiazide Diuretics Loop Diuretics Potassium-sparing Diuretics Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors